Mohammadi M, Ramezani Jolfaie N, Alipour R, Zarrati M. Is Metabolic Syndrome Considered to Be a Risk Factor for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (Non-Erosive or Erosive Esophagitis)?: A Systematic Review of the Evidence.Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016;18(11):e30363. Published 2016 Aug 8. doi:10.5812/ircmj.30363. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5292393/
Hirata A, Kishida K, Nakatsuji H. et al.High prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in type 2 diabetics with hypoadiponectinemia and metabolic syndrome.Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012;9:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-9-4. Available at https://nutritionandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-7075-9-4
Nomura M, Tashiro N, Watanabe T et al. Association of Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux with Metabolic Syndrome Parameters in Patients with Endocrine Disease.International Scholarly Research Notices. vol. 2014, Article ID 863206, 6 pages, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/863206. Available at https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2014/863206/
Kallel L, Bibani N, Fekih M et al. Metabolic syndrome is associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease based on a 24-hour ambulatory pH monitoring.Dis Esophagus. 2011 Apr;24(3):153-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2010.01118.x. Available at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20946134/
Niigaki M, Adachi K, Hirakawa K et al.Association between metabolic syndrome and prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in a health screening facility in Japan.J Gastroenterol 2013;48:463–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-012-0671-3 Available at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00535-012-0671-3
Punjabi P, Hira A, Prasad S, Wang X, Chokhavatia S. Review of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the diabetic patient.J Diab. September 2015;7(5):599-609. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.12279. Available at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1753-0407.12279
Chung SJ. Oesophagus Metabolic syndrome and visceral obesity as risk factors for reflux oesophagitis: a cross-sectional case–control study of 7078 Koreans undergoing health check-ups. Gut 2008;57:1360-1365.
Lee Y-C. The effect of metabolic risk factors on the natural course of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Gut 2009;58:174-181. URL: http://gut.bmj.com/content/58/2/174.full
Human intestines are home to more than a trillion microbes, of about 1000 species, weighing more than 2 kgs. These microbes are intricately related to the functions of not only the intestinal tract, but also of every organ in the body, particularly the nervous system, endocrinal system, immune system and several metabolic pathways. Modern diet and lifestyle, and also use of medications, are affecting the quantity, quality and functioning of these microbes. Recent studies have revealed interesting facts about the relationships between gut microbes and human diseases, of the body and the mind.
Gut microbiota and possible molecular pathways linked to cardiovascular and cardiometabolic diseases [See]
Tang WHW, Li DY, Hazen SL. Dietary metabolism, the gut microbiome, and heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019;16:137–154. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-018-0108-7. Available at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-018-0108-7
Fan Y, Pedersen O. Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease. Nat Rev Microbiol (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-0433-9. Available at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-020-0433-9
Herrema H, Niess JH. Intestinal microbial metabolites in human metabolism and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2020;63:2533–2547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05268-4. Available at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-020-05268-4
Scheithauer TPM, Rampanelli E, Nieuwdorp M, Vallance BA, Verchere CB, van Raalte DH, Herrema H. Gut Microbiota as a Trigger for Metabolic Inflammation in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes.Frontiers in Immunology. 2020;11;2546.
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Niccolai E, Boem F, Russo E, Amedei A. The Gut–Brain Axis in the Neuropsychological Disease Model of Obesity: A Classical Movie Revised by the Emerging Director “Microbiome”.Nutrients 2019;11(1):156. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010156. Available at https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/1/156/htm
Sohail MU, Althani A, Anwar H, Rizzi R, Marei HE. Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiome in the Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus.Journal of Diabetes Research. Volume 2017 |Article ID 9631435 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9631435. Available at https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jdr/2017/9631435/
Borrellia A, Bonellia P, Tuccillo M et al. Role of gut microbiota and oxidative stress in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to hepatocarcinoma: Current and innovative therapeutic approaches. Redox Biology. May 2018;15:467-479. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213231717309291
Obstructive sleep apnoea is closely linked to metabolic syndrome and its components such as obesity and cardiovascular disease. Weight reduction and dietary restrictions play a major role in reversing OSA.
The bidirectional relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and metabolic disease. [See]
Framnes SN, Arble DM. The Bidirectional Relationship Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Metabolic Disease.Front. Endocrinol. 06 August 2018 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00440. Available at https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2018.00440/full
Castaneda A, Jauregui-Maldonado E, Ratnani I, Varon J, Surani S. Correlation between metabolic syndrome and sleep apnea. World J Diabetes. 2018;9(4):66-71. doi:10.4239/wjd.v9.i4.66 Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5951892/
Calvin AD, Albuquerque FN, Lopez-Jimenez F, Somers VK. Obstructive sleep apnea, inflammation, and the metabolic syndrome.Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2009;7(4):271-278. doi:10.1089/met.2008.0093. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135895/
Bonsignore MR, Borel A-R, Machan E, Grunstein R. Sleep apnoea and metabolic dysfunction.European Respiratory Review 2013;22: 353-364. DOI: 10.1183/09059180.00003413. Available at https://err.ersjournals.com/content/22/129/353
Singh SK, Tentu AK, Singh S, Singh N, Dash C, Singh V, Laxmivandana R, Warrier R. Association of metabolic syndrome in obstructive sleep apnea patients: An experience from zonal tertiary care hospital in Eastern India. Indian J Respir Care [serial online] 2020 [cited 2020 Nov 18];9:71-6. Available from: http://www.ijrc.in/text.asp?2020/9/1/71/275381
Obstructive Sleep Apnea May Be Improved With Low-Energy Diet: A single-center, prospective, observational follow-up study has found that a very low-energy diet leads to improvements in moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea in obese men, with benefits maintained at 1 year and proportional to weight loss and baseline severity. [Full text | Report]
Kretowicz M, Johnson RJ, Ishimoto T, Nakagawa T, Manitius J. The Impact of Fructose on Renal Function and Blood Pressure.International Journal of Nephrology. 2011, Article ID 315879, 5 pages. https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/315879. Available at https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijn/2011/315879/
Johnson RJ, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Nakagawa T. The Effect of Fructose on Renal Biology and Disease.JASN. December 2010;21(12):2036-2039. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2010050506. Available at https://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/21/12/2036
Bratoeva K, Stoyanov GS, Merdzhanova A, Radanova M. Manifestations of Renal Impairment in Fructose-induced Metabolic Syndrome.Cureus. 2017;9(11):e1826. Published 2017 Nov 7. doi:10.7759/cureus.1826. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5755946/
Metabolic Syndrome Increases Risk of Kidney Disease: MetS and its components are associated with the development of eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and microalbuminuria or overt proteinuria, a meta analysis shows. [Thomas G et al. Metabolic Syndrome and Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. CJASN August 2011 CJN.02180311. Abstract]
Gout Linked to Increased Risk for Diabetes, Renal Disease [See]
Western Style Diets Linked to Kidney Dysfunction: According to a study published in the American Journal of Kidney Diseases, Western diet is associated with a greater likelihood of the development of microalbuminuria (excretion of small amounts of albumin to the urine) and rapid decrease in kidney function, whereas diets similar to the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet may be protective against rapid decline of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). [Abstract from American Journal of Kidney Diseases February 2011;57(2):245-254 | Report]
Metabolic syndrome increases kidney stone risk: Data from 34,895 individuals who underwent general health screening tests has revealed that kidney stones were 25% more likely to be found in subjects with metabolic syndrome than in those without it and that kidney stones were 47% more likely to be found in subjects with hypertension than in those without it. [In Gab Jeong et al. Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and the Presence of Kidney Stones in a Screened Population. AJKD. Article in press. Abstract]
Low Carbohydrate Diet May Reverse Kidney Failure in People With Diabetes: Researchers from Mount Sinai School of Medicine have for the first time determined that a specialized high-fat, low carbohydrate diet may reverse impaired kidney function in people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. [Poplawski MM, Mastaitis JW, Isoda F, Grosjean F, Zheng F, et al. Reversal of Diabetic Nephropathy by a Ketogenic Diet. PLoS ONE 2011;6(4):e18604. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018604 Full Text | Older Study | Report | Report]
Close links between metabolic syndrome, hyperinsulinemia, insulin like growth factor and development and progression of several cancers are being unravelled. It is now clear that modern diet and life style are fueling the cancer epidemic.
Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cancer: overview of mechanisms [See]
Hursting SD, Hursting MJ. Growth Signals, Inflammation, and Vascular Perturbations: Mechanistic Links Between Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Cancer.Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2012;32:1766–1770. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.241927. Available at https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.241927
Hauner D, Hauner H. Metabolic Syndrome and Breast Cancer: Is There a Link? Breast Care 2014;9: 277 – 281.
Chen Y, Wen Y-Y, Li Z-R, Luo D-L, Zhang X-H. The molecular mechanisms between metabolic syndrome and breast cancer. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2016;471(4):391-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.034. Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X16302236
Battelli MG, Bortolotti M, Polito L, Bolognesi A. Metabolic syndrome and cancer risk: The role of xanthine oxidoreductase. Redox Biology. 2019;21:101070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2018.101070. Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213231718310528
Arcidiacono B, Iiritano S, Nocera A et al. Insulin Resistance and Cancer Risk: An Overview of the Pathogenetic Mechanisms.Journal of Diabetes Research. 2012, Article ID 789174, 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/789174. Available at https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jdr/2012/789174/
Rosato V,Bosetti C,Talamini R et al. Metabolic syndrome and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.Annals of Oncology.December 01, 2011;22(12):2687-2692. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdr025. Available at https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(19)34356-X/fulltext
Liu J, Druta M, Shibata D et al. Metabolic syndrome and colon cancer: Is hyperinsulinemia/insulin receptor-mediated angiogenesis a critical process?Journal of Clinical Oncology. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.e14004. Available at https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.e14004
Li P, Wang T, Zeng C. et al.Association between metabolic syndrome and prognosis of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies.Diabetol Metab Syndr 2020;12:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-019-0514-y. Available at https://dmsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13098-019-0514-y
Veniou E, Sofatzis I, Kalantzis I et al. Metabolic syndrome and Cancer: Do they share common molecular pathways?Forum of Clinical Oncology. 30 Dec 2016. Volume 7: Issue 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/fco-2016-0006
Tsujimoto T, Kajio H, Sugiyama T. Association between hyperinsulinemia and increased risk of cancer death in nonobese and obese people: A population‐based observational study.Int J Cancer. July 2017;141(1):102-111. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30729. Available at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ijc.30729
Uzunlulu M, Telci Caklili O, Oguz A. Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Cancer.Ann Nutr Metab 2016;68:173-179. doi: 10.1159/000443743. Available at https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/443743
Braun S, Bitton-Worms K, LeRoith D. The Link between the Metabolic Syndrome and Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7(7):1003-1015. doi:10.7150/ijbs.7.1003. Available from http://www.ijbs.com/v07p1003.htm
Vona‐Davis L, Howard‐McNatt M, Rose DP. Adiposity, type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome in breast cancer.Obesity Reviews. September 2007;8(5):395-408. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00396.x. Available at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00396.x
Sulfonylureas and insulin increase the risk of pancreatic cancer: A case–control study of general practice patients in the United Kingdom suggests that the use of antidiabetics such as sulfonylureas and insulin is associated with an increased risk for pancreatic carcinogenesis. Bodmer M, Becker C, Meier C, Jick SS, Meier CR. Use of Antidiabetic Agents and the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: A Case–Control Analysis. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 31 January 2012; doi:10.1038/ajg.2011.483[Abstract][Report][Report]
Abnormalities of serum lipids, such as triglycerides, cholesterol, are components of metabolic syndrome, which is increasingly being seen as related to modern diet, comprising of sugars, especially fructose.
Metabolism of fructose in the intestine and liver that contributes to dyslipidemia [See]
Taskinen M-R, Packard CJ, Borén J. Dietary Fructose and the Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2019;11(9):1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11091987. Available at https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/9/1987/htm
Malik VS, Hu FB. Fructose and Cardiometabolic Health. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2015;66(14):1615-1624. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.025 Available at https://www.jacc.org/doi/abs/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.025
Hieronimus B, Medici V, Bremer AA. Synergistic effects of fructose and glucose on lipoprotein risk factors for cardiovascular disease in young adults.Metabolism. November 2020;112:154356. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026049520302201
Zhang D-M, Jiao R-Q, Kong LD. High Dietary Fructose: Direct or Indirect Dangerous Factors Disturbing Tissue and Organ Functions.Nutrients 2017;9(4):335. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040335 Available at https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/4/335/htm
Nuts in Place of carbohydrates Helps Control Blood Sugar and Serum Lipids: Two ounces of nuts daily as a replacement for carbohydrate foods improves both glycemic control and serum lipids in type 2 diabetes.[Jenkins DJA. Nuts as a Replacement for Carbohydrates in the Diabetic Diet. Diabetes Care August 2011;34(8):1706-1711. Full text
Low-Carb and Mediterranean Diets Better than Low-Fat for Weight Loss, Lipid Changes at 2 Years: Mediterranean and low-carbohydrate diets may be effective alternatives to low-fat diets, offering more favorable effects on lipids (with the low-carbohydrate diet) and on glycemic control (with the Mediterranean diet). See Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, et al. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:229-241 Full text Article
Sugimoto T, Sato M, Dehle FC, Brnabic AJM, Weston A, Burge R. Lifestyle-Related Metabolic Disorders, Osteoporosis, and Fracture Risk in Asia: A Systematic Review.Value in Health Regional Issues. May 2016;9:49-56. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212109915000655
Zhou J, Zhang Q, Yuan X, Wang J, Li C, Sheng H, Qu S, Li H. Association between metabolic syndrome and osteoporosis: a meta-analysis.Bone. 2013 Nov;57(1):30-5. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.07.013. Available at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23871747/
Collins KH, Herzog W, MacDonald GZ, Reimer RA, Rios JL, Smith IC, Zernicke RF, Hart DA. Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Musculoskeletal Disease: Common Inflammatory Pathways Suggest a Central Role for Loss of Muscle Integrity.Frontiers in Physiology. 2018;9:112. DOI=10.3389/fphys.2018.00112. Available at https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2018.00112
Oliveira MC, Vullings J, van de Loo FAJ. Osteoporosis and osteoarthritis are two sides of the same coin paid for obesity.Nutrition. 2020;70:110486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2019.04.001. Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899900718313327
Overweight Kids Risk Weak Bones, Diabetes: Abdominal Fat May Play a Role in Bone Strength Norman K Pollock et al. Lower bone mass in prepubertal overweight children with pre-diabetes Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Jul 2010 Abstract | Report]
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the commonest cause of infertility, characterised by excessive ovarian activity, yet non-development of healthy ova. Recent studies have clearly established its association with insulin resistance and other manifestations of metabolic syndrome, such as obesity, NAFLD, impaired glucose tolerance etc. Dietary restrictions can help in reversing PCOS within a few weeks.
Possible pathophysiological mechanisms of polycystic ovary syndrome [See]
Spinedi E, Cardinali DP. The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and the Metabolic Syndrome: A Possible Chronobiotic-Cytoprotective Adjuvant Therapy.International Journal of Endocrinology. 2018, Article ID 1349868, 12 pages, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1349868. Available at https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2018/1349868/
Shi B, Feng D, Sagnelli M et al. Fructose levels are elevated in women with polycystic ovary syndrome with obesity and hyperinsulinemia. Human Reproduction. January 2020;35(1):187–194. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dez239
Mavropoulos JC, Yancy WS, Hepburn J, Westman EC. The effects of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet on the polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study.Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005;2:35. Published 2005 Dec 16. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-2-35. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1334192/
Zhang X, Zheng Y, Guo Y, Lai Z. The Effect of Low Carbohydrate Diet on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Int J Endocrinol. 2019;2019:4386401. Published 2019 Nov 26. doi:10.1155/2019/4386401. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6899277/
Non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is today the most common cause of chronic liver disease, causing steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatic failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Newer insights into the issue have revealed a simple truth that it’s the sugars, fruits and grains that are the source of every alcoholic beverage and the actions and metabolism of these sugars, particularly of fructose, have several similarities with those of alcohol. Therefore, prevention and management of NAFLD have got lot to do with restriction of these dietary factors.
Fructose and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): the multifaceted aspects of fructose metabolism. [See]
The Toxic Truth: Too much fructose can damage your liver, just like too much alcohol [See]
Sugar is Toxic: The growing scientific evidence, both epidemiological and mechanistic, very clearly shows that excess sugar induces all of the diseases associated with the metabolic syndrome, Robert H. Lustig et al write in Nature.See Lustig RH, Schmidt LA, Brindis CD. Public health: The toxic truth about sugar. Nature. 02 February 2012;482:27–29. doi:10.1038/482027a[Link][Report | Report | Report | Report]
Lim J, Mietus-Snyder M, Valente A et al.The role of fructose in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome.Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;7:251–264. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2010.41
Jegatheesan P, Bandt J-PD. Fructose and NAFLD: The Multifaceted Aspects of Fructose Metabolism.Nutrients 2017;9(3):230. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030230. Available at https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/3/230/htm
Zhang D-M, Jiao R-Q, Kong LD. High Dietary Fructose: Direct or Indirect Dangerous Factors Disturbing Tissue and Organ Functions.Nutrients 2017;9(4):335. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040335 Available at https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/4/335/htm
Prussick RB, Miele L. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with psoriasis: a consequence of systemic inflammatory burden? Br J Dermat. July 2018;179(1):16-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16239. Available at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bjd.16239
Aron-Wisnewsky J, Gaborit B, Dutour A, Clement K. Gut microbiota and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: new insights. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2013;19(4):338-348. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12140. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1198743X14609800
Taskinen M-R, Packard CJ, Borén J. Dietary Fructose and the Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2019;11(9):1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11091987. Available at https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/9/1987/htm
Chen Q, Wang T, Li J et al. Effects of Natural Products on Fructose-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Nutrients 2017;9:96.Available at https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/2/96
Lambertz J, Weiskirchen S, Landert S, Weiskirchen R. Fructose: A Dietary Sugar in Crosstalk with Microbiota Contributing to the Development and Progression of Non-Alcoholic Liver Disease.Front. Immunol., 19 September 2017. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01159. Available at https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01159/full
Elevation of blood Uric acid levels is now considered as the key to the development of metabolic syndrome, particularly cardiovascular disease, hypertension and inflammatory status. In recent years, it is becoming clearer that elevation of uric acid is linked to the consumption of fructose in various food types, and therefore, dietary restriction plays a very important role in regulating serum uric acid and the problems associated with its elevation.
Relationship between high-fructose diet, generation of hyperuricemia and resulting metabolic syndrome [See]Complex interaction of uric acid, components of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease [See]
Kanbay M, Jensen T, Solak Y, Le M, Roncal-Jimenez C, Rivard C, Lanaspa MA, Nakagawa T, Johnson RJ. Uric acid in metabolic syndrome: From an innocent bystander to a central player.Eur J Intern Med. 2016 Apr;29:3-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2015.11.026.Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/26703429/
Fructose Worsens Gout: Consumption of soft drinks sweetened with sugar and fructose is strongly associated with an increased risk for gout, according to the results of a prospective cohort study reported in the February 1 Online First issue of the BMJ. This was a 12-year follow-up study of 46,393 health professionals without a previous history of gout and the goal was to assess the relationship between consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks and fructose and the risk for incident gout. See Sweet Soft Drinks, Fructose Linked to Increased Risk for Gout. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/569656
Jamnik J, Rehman S, Blanco Mejia S, et al. Fructose intake and risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.BMJ Open. 2016;6(10):e013191. Published 2016 Oct 3. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013191. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5073537/
Lecoultre V, Egli L, Theytaz F, Despland C, Schneiter P, Tappy L. Fructose-induced hyperuricemia is associated with a decreased renal uric acid excretion in humans. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(9):e149-e150. doi:10.2337/dc13-0866. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3747900/
